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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is defined in the DSM-5-TR as one of the neurodevelopmental disorders with the highest prevalence among the child population. It is characterized by the presence of five or more symptoms for people over 17 years of age and six symptoms or more for children under 16, which according to the present symptomatology, can be distinguished into three modalities: hyperactive, inattentive, or mixed. In other words, these subsets of the disorders have their unique neurobiological basis that leads to specific symptoms and impact on one’s life.

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Basically, such alterations within the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) lead to problems with impulsivity and/or hyperactivity. Inadequate tuning of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (DACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) can lead to sustained or selective attentive symptoms respectively. In fact, research also suggests that abnormalities in the orbitofrontal-limbic circuits are affected among children with conduct disorder.

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The irregularities in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, for instance, are seen in children with sustained attention problems, which is associated with academic impairment, low self-esteem, adverse occupational outcomes, and lower adaptive functioning. Hyperactive impulsive symptoms, additionally, are associated with peer rejection, aggression, risky driving behaviors, and accidental injuries.

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The manifestation of ADHD can differ among age groups, with symptoms persisting into adolescence and adulthood in approximately 60% of children with ADHD. This disease is often associated with psychiatric comorbidity (conduct and opposition disorders, anxiety disorders) and learning difficulties and constitutes a risk factor for substance abuse and dependence. Given the fact that the complexity of determining genetic characteristics of ADHD have not been separated according to the types of sickness that may occur, hyperactive, more future researches to determine if there are genetic differences between each subtype is still necessary to be carried out.t.